![]() We also used a publicly available pooled dataset of BMI (including 461,460), ever smoking (including 46,106), heart failure (including 977,323), IBD (including 75,000), and alcohol intake frequency (including 462,346) from another independent GWAS. We selected pooled data for PE from published GWAS meta-analyses involving approximately 461,164 participants of European ancestry. In this MR analysis, we aimed to demonstrate whether there is a causal relationship between BMI, ever smoking, heart failure, frequency of alcohol intake, IBD, and PE.ĭata sources and SNP selection for BMI, ever smoked, heart failure, frequency of alcohol intake, and IBD Nowadays, causality based on the MR of inferred variables is widely used. Mendelian randomization (MR) is a powerful tool in epidemiology to estimate the causal effect of exposure on outcome in the presence of unobserved confounders by exploiting genetic variation as instrumental variables (IVs) of exposure ( 11). MR methods were subsequently introduced to reduce the impact of acquired confounding factors ( 10). Due to the influence of confounding factors, the available clinical findings do not directly imply a causal relationship. Although there is considerable evidence to support the association of these risk factors with PE, the direction of causality between these risk factors and PE remains unclear ( 9). ![]() Previous literature has suggested that risk factors for PE include body mass index (BMI), ever smoking, heart failure, IBD, and frequency of alcohol intake. However, the relationship between the frequency of alcohol intake and the risk of developing PE remains uncertain. Moderate frequency of alcohol intake has been differentially associated with hemostasis and fibrinolytic factor levels ( 8). Several studies have shown that the risk of VTE is 2–3 times higher in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than in the general population ( 7). In addition, heart failure has been reported to increase the risk of PE ( 6). Venous thromboembolism is a common venous thrombotic event, and its common risk factors include ever smoking and obesity ( 3– 5). ![]() There is a need to explore the etiology and prevent the occurrence of PE. Therefore, early identification and active intervention of risk factors in patients with PE is essential in clinical practice. In Europe, 8–13 per 1,000 women aged 15–55 years and 2–7 per 1,000 men die from PE ( 2). Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), affects nearly 10 million people of all ethnicity worldwide each year ( 1).
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